Central Asia’s Environmental Challenges and the Call for Inclusive Action under UN Rio Conventions
The Rio Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Desertification in Central Asia: A Review
As the world prepares for three United Nations (UN) environmental Conferences of Parties (COPs) this year, it is timely to reflect on the legacy of the Rio Conventions on Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Desertification in Central Asia. These conventions, stemming from the 1992 Earth Summit, remain interconnected and address crucial environmental issues in the region.
Despite some progress in addressing regional environmental challenges, a more balanced approach is needed to tackle climate change, land degradation, and biodiversity loss in Central Asia. This article aims to shed light on the interconnectivity of these issues and their impact on the region.
Climate Change and Glacier Melting in Central Asia
Central Asia, despite being a minor contributor to global climate pollution, is experiencing accelerated warming compared to the global average. The World Bank projects a rise in temperatures by five to six degrees Celsius by 2100, leading to glacier melt and posing a threat to the water supply of over 70 million people in the region. The depletion of glaciers, particularly in countries like the Kyrgyz Republic, is a growing concern, with significant implications for biodiversity, natural hazards, and livelihoods.
Land Degradation and Dust Storms
Climate change is also affecting the quality of soil in Central Asia, leading to the proliferation of sand and dust storms. Anthropogenic activities like agriculture, grazing, and construction contribute to the frequency and intensity of these storms. The drying up of the Aral Sea has created a new salt desert, releasing millions of tons of dust and toxins into the atmosphere. Land degradation and desertification remain pressing challenges, exacerbating glacier melt and posing a threat to ecosystems and human health.
Biodiversity Conservation
Biodiversity loss in Central Asia is influenced by shrinking forests, habitat degradation, and climate change. Unique plant and animal species in the region are at risk due to factors like drought, habitat loss, and invasive species. Understanding the interconnectedness of ecosystems, habitats, and biodiversity is essential for effective conservation efforts. The adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aims to halt and reverse biodiversity loss by 2030, setting ambitious goals for restoration, protected areas, and invasive species management.
In Kazakhstan, reintroduction projects for species like Przewalski’s horses demonstrate a commitment to biodiversity conservation. Central Asia’s biodiversity faces numerous threats, but with coordinated efforts and integrated approaches, the region can work towards a sustainable future for its unique ecosystems and wildlife.
